In 1845, Kamehameha III established Honolulu as the permanent capital of the Hawaiian Kingdom, moving it from Lahaina, Maui. Over the following decades, Honolulu underwent a transformation into a modern political and economic center. Hawaiian monarchs commissioned landmark structures, including St. Andrew’s Cathedral, ʻIolani Palace, and Aliʻiōlani Hale, shaping the city’s architectural and cultural identity. Meanwhile, American missionary descendants played a key role in turning downtown Honolulu into a thriving business district.

The late 19th and early 20th centuries brought dramatic changes. The Hawaiian monarchy was overthrown in 1893, followed by annexation by the U.S. in 1898. Honolulu faced further challenges, including a devastating fire in 1900 and the infamous Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, which led to the U.S. entering World War II. Through these turbulent times, however, Honolulu remained Hawaii’s capital, largest city, and key transportation hub, serving as the gateway to the islands.

Following Hawaii’s statehood in 1959, Honolulu experienced an economic and tourism boom. By 2007, 7.6 million visitors arrived annually, with over 62% passing through Honolulu International Airport. The city skyline became dotted with high-rise buildings, while Waikiki emerged as the heart of Hawaii’s tourism industry, boasting thousands of hotel rooms and luxury resorts.

Today, Honolulu thrives as a global tourist destination, blending historic charm with modern development. Its rich history, cultural significance, and economic vitality continue to make it the heartbeat of Hawaii and the Pacific.